How redundant is language really? Agent-recipient disambiguation across time and space

Redundant marking of grammatical relations seems to be commonplace across languages, and has been shown benefit learning as well robust information transmission. At the same time, languages also exhibit trade-offs between strategies such case or word order, suggesting that redundancy may dis-preferred in line with a tendency towards communicative efficiency. In present paper, we assess redundancy  terms number used simultaneously mark specific within individual utterances (syntagmatic redundancy) light these competing motivations. Our test is participant role disambiguation English Dutch, specifically interaction constituent case, prepositional marking, agreement distinguish agents recipients ditransitive clauses. Using evidence from corpora Present Day Dutch data Middle English, find prevalent, albeit certain limits.